Forces in International Business Free Essays

Introduction McDonald’s is a corporation from the United States that has done a great deal of business internationally for many years, and is well-known globally. McDonald’s is listed at number 378 on Fortune’s Global 500 list, and brought in over $22 billion in revenues in 2010. Sociocultural Forces Sociocultural forces include the different aspects of understanding that exist in one culture in comparison to another. We will write a custom essay sample on Forces in International Business or any similar topic only for you Order Now These aspects include aesthetics, religion, language, education, etc. It is important to remember that culture is not something that is innate to specific persons, but is rather something that is learned through experiencing the culture. Along those lines, culture is also shared between all of the members of the culture, and all aspects of it are interrelated. In fact, group boundaries are caused by culture and set persons feeling towards different actions. The concept that one’s own culture is better than another is called ethnocentrism. Natural Resources and Environmental Sustainability The second force encompasses natural resources and environmental sustainability. Natural resources are based upon location within the world and advantages that these resources give a nation relative to the rest of the world. Some of these resources are limited, and over time if taken into account can become depleted or cause harm to the environment in another way. The concern for the sustainability of these resources should be of some concern to businesses operating internationally because it affects their decisions and the decisions of those they are negotiating with as well. Economic and Socioeconomic Forces Economic and socioeconomic forces also play parts as forces that affect different countries. The economic forces include different levels of economic development; including developed, developing, and newly industrialized countries/economies. Socioeconomics affect the economies of different countries and regions individually based on their own social norms. Power levels can be defined by the strength of the economy that either a country or a business has as well. This concept is also intertwined with the concept of exchange rates. Political Forces Political forces affect countries and businesses as well. Some political forces include nationalism, national or international conflicts, international organizations, and types of governments such as: communism, socialism, and capitalism. Whether a country is conservative or liberal can also play a part in the politics of a region. Political forces spill into the international legal system too which makes them of great concern to businesses. A major part of political forces in regards to business is trade restrictions or tariffs which cost the business more money to export or boycott their business altogether. Intellectual Property and Other Legal Forces International business can be influenced by concepts of intellectual property and other legal forces as well. One major legal force that can influence a business’s decisions is international law. International law is divided into both public and private laws. Public international law revolves around relations between governments including the rights and obligations of sovereign nations. Private international law lords over the transactions made by individuals and companies in regards to international borders. Intellectual property comes from a person or company’s intellect, and these ideas are protected by laws which include the use of patents, trademarks, copyrights, and trade secrets. Financial Forces and the International Monetary System Financial forces including the international monetary system which contains financial institutions, agreements, rules, and processes play a major part in the decisions that businesses make in regards to international markets. The value of a country’s currency as well as the exchange rates relative to either their floating currency or their being on the gold standard is a huge factor to consider as a business negotiating across borders. Most businesses will hedge their investments in order to protect themselves from losing money due to constantly changing rates of exchange. Labor Forces Finally, the seventh force affecting international business has to do with labor. Classifications such as size and average age of a workforce, as well s unemployment rates, all affect the manner in which an international business reacts to its current and potential workforce. A major issue making its mark on the global economy right now is brain drain, which causes the skilled workers of a developing country to migrate for greater professional and economic reasons. All of these forces must be taken into account when involved internationally as business. McDonald’s Cultural Forces In the book Golden Arches East , the author discusses how when McDonald’s moved their business into the Far East, they were forced to reevaluate the culture there. In Japan especially, the idea that America exists in a class of its own is a type of fantasy that prevails in the fondest thoughts of those who consider it. For Japan, McDonald’s is a symbol of this fantastic culture, and brings in many customers because of this (especially from the younger population). â€Å"From the perspective of the ‘civilizing process’ McDonald’s†¦[has]†¦helped to create an entirely new concept of manners. † (p. 181) says Watson (1997). Through the introduction of fast food into the culture, McDonald’s has introduced an entirely new concept of manners to this culture. The book also discusses how the high amount of rice in the diet there also affected their business decisions. Watson (1997) states, â€Å"’McDonald’s’ has gained ample recognition among Japanese consumers. However, our image is that of a light-meal restaurant for young people. We are not regarded as a place for adults to have dinner. † (p. 164) McDonald’s is not a fast-food restaurant there as it is in the US, but rather a trendy place to get a snack. McDonald’s and the Environment McDonald’s Economic Forces Wages paid to citizens of European countries have a high ratio of variability, and therefore McDonald’s had to adjust their pricing and payment strategies when they entered the European market. (Royle, 2000, p. 158). Royle states, â€Å"[U]nions [in Germany] had to accept the possibility of even lower wage† (p. 158). In addition, executives in many European countries were hired for just a â€Å"fistful of dollars† (Royle, 2000, p. 165). The pricing systems for their menus had to be adjusted based on the expectations that the economy had for them as well. This caused a serious change which McDonald’s had to adjust to in order to achieve success in this new environment (Royle, 2000, p. 167-169). McDonald’s Political Forces Politics also holds a great deal of power over wages paid in each country McDonald’s moves its business into. Royle talks about different wages that are required by governments in European countries, â€Å"†¦for example, in addition to the basic Danish kroner per hour, workers receive an additional DKr 9. 15 per hour for any hours worked during Monday to Friday between 6:00 p. m. nd midnight† (p. 163). There are several other stipulations on payment that are made by law that Royle lists throughout the rest of the chapter. In addition, McDonald’s is constantly under fire from several interest groups who are trying to make sure that McDonald’s uses humanely raised and slaughtered animals from suppliers that have shown concern about this. This is another political pressure that concerns McDonald’s as they attempt to meet the cultural standards for the ethical treatment of animals. McDonald’s Legal Forces McDonald’s Financial Forces McDonald’s Labor Forces McDonald’s has a massive workforce worldwide which it uses to expand and maintain its numerous international ventures. Hamburger University is a training program used specifically to train new leaders for the McDonald’s workforce. At a location in Shanghai, China, admission is a competitive opportunity. â€Å"[M]ore than 26 percent of China’s 6. 3 million college graduates were unemployed as of July 1† (Wei, 2011), this means that McDonald’s is able to choose who they want to apprentice at Hamburger University. McDonald’s hopes to grow from 1,300 stores to 2,000 in China by 2013 (Wei, 2011), and Hamburger University will be a major part of meeting the labor requirements for that goal. References Adams, C. (2007). Reframing the Obesity Debate: McDonald’s Role May Surprise You. Journal of Law, Business, Ethics, 35(1), 154-157. doi: 10. 1111/j. 1748-720X. 2007. 00120. x Ball, D. , Geringer, M. , Minor, M. , McNett, J. (2009). International Business: The Challenge of Global Competition. New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Royle, T. (2000). Working for McDonald’s in Europe: Unequal Struggle?. London: Routledge. Watson, J. L. (1997). Golden Arches East: McDonald’s in East Asia. Palo Alto: Stanford University Press. Wei, M. (2011). Hamburger University Shanghai is Sizzling. Business Week. Retrieved from http://www. businessweek. com/magazine/content/11_06/b42140224816 05. htm http://site. ebrary. com/lib/calbaptist/docDetail. action? docID=10130868 http://site. ebrary. com/lib/calbaptist/docDetail. action? docID=10093669 http://www. businessweek. com/magazine/content/11_06/b4214022481605. htm http://web. ebscohost. com/ehost/detail? id=21sid=4dbd75e7-4603-4bc6-b27f-659024024242%40sessionmgr12vid=1bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZSZzY29wZT1zaXRl#db=bshAN=6548577 http://web. ebscohost. com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer? hid=21sid=1689342b-eff5-4b11-bd46-334cdb6d982f%40sessionmgr4vid=2 http://web. ebscohost. com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer? hid=21sid=0d1c68a6-c38a-433c-b083-e62eeb6477a2%40sessionmgr15vid=2 http://libproxy. calbaptist. edu:2078/ehost/detail? vid=14hid=19sid=76bace0c -5005-49d0-bae3-8988a91b1f5e%40sessionmgr13bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZSZzY29wZT1zaXRl#db=aphAN=24181440 Reframing the Obesity Debate: McDonald’s Role May Surprise You. How to cite Forces in International Business, Papers Forces in International Business Free Essays string(117) " a entire section of a country from the rest, thus leading them to having distinct cultures, industries and climate\." Has its hands in many international product manufacturing. They do are effected on a daily basis by the different forces of international business and ethical issues. These forces were assembled, and one of their ethical issues were evaluated. We will write a custom essay sample on Forces in International Business or any similar topic only for you Order Now Forces in International Business There are multiple forces that effect international business. These forces are calculators forces, natural resources and environmental sustainability, political and trade forces, intellectual property and other legal forces, the international and monetary system and financial forces. All of these forces are things that influence Samsung Co. On a daily basis. Along with these forces, Samsung is also tasked by ethical issues that come imposed on almost every international country. These forces are some of the founding forces that international businesses are built on and effected by on a daily basis. Calculators Forces The first of the forces covered is the calculators force. In order to understand what Calculators Forces are, we must understand what calculators is. The Merriam-Webster dictionary describes calculators as a combination of social and ultra factors. (â€Å"Calculators. † Merriam-Webster. ) Dictionary. Com defines it as, â€Å"the combination or interaction of social and cultural factors†. (â€Å"Calculators. † Dictionary. Com) From these two definitions social and cultural are the two big factors. Are hundreds of different ways to define culture, and it’s a very broad term. The book, International Business, lays down some good fundamentals about what culture is. The first point that International Business says about culture, is that it is learned, and not born with. This means that Just because you’re born somewhere, soonest necessarily mean you will adapt to the culture, but spending a lot of time around people who are immersed in the culture will allow you to adapt to it. This can be a major benefit or drawback. It does allow people to move to new areas of the world and eventually adapt to their culture, but it can take a lot of time and energy. The second point is that different parts of culture are interrelated. This second is more of a logical relation of culture, it’s basically defining that you can’t have some parts of culture without others. The third major point that is outlined is that â€Å"culture s shared, patterned and mutually constructed through social interactions†. (Ball, Donald). This point is very interesting, and what defines culture. Throughout the world we see many different cultures, influenced by religion, and regions, and we can see how some cultures have greatly impacted other parts of the world and their culture. Because culture is shared through social interactions, we can actually start to see a lot blending of cultures through the internet. Through the article Blending Cultures via Computer in The International Journal of New Media, it discusses the lending of European art and culture blending into parts of Chinese Contemporary artists. Without the social interactions through online sources, this is something that would have never been possible. The last major point that is made by International Business, is that culture defines the boundaries of different groups. An example made in that book is how Americans are clock-watchers. A lot of cultures don’t follow a similar pattern, and it makes Americans seem to always be in a rush. This makes them appear unfriendly, arrogant, and untrustworthy, because it’s not something that’s globally accepted. Another interesting point on this topic is how culture varies so much even within a single country itself, and can even vary inside small areas. The best example of this that is very well known, is how people in the younger generation from the bay area in California are known for saying â€Å"hell†. This is something that’s only sprung up within the last few years, but is very common in that culture, and saying it outside of even the bay area of California allows people to determine where you’re from very quickly. A huge part of socio-cultural is the constantly changing of customers preference. Samsung was able to capitalize on one of these changes not too long ago, and was able to help turn the phone industry upside down. Before 2007 Monika was the king of the cellular industry, and had complete market dominance, until apple stepped on the scene which completely changed the phone market. They added in a whole new experience to the phone market. † The hysteria surrounding the phone made Samsung sit up and take notice†( Bandit, Rural) Samsung had a share in the phone market, and capitalized on the trend that apple started. They were able to acquire a contract with Google’s operating system, android. Monika refused to adapt to the trend, and Samsung was able to take the leap and Jump ahead of Monika in 2011 as the largest market share of mobile devices. The article How Does Socio-cultural Environment Impact a Business sums up Samsung success greatly, † Samsung, the minnow when Monika was the shark, is now the largest handset manufacturer in the world, and in the process, has outdone Apple’s phone, which many consider to be the innovation on which most modern smartness are modeled. † (Bandit, Rural) Natural Resources and Environmental Sustainability. The second major force is natural resources and environmental sustainability. This force can be split into the two different sections of natural resources, and environmental sustainability. Along with those two different sections there is geography which plays a semi-significant part on this force, and also Porter’s Diamond to help analyze competitive advantage. Geography has a lot of possible effects on a company. Google gives a great definition of geography, stating that it’s â€Å"the study of the physical features of the earth and its atmosphere, and of human activity as it affects and is affected by these, including the distribution of populations and resources, land use, and industries. † (Natural Resources – Google Search) Geography is very broad, and covers everything from topography of a region to climate. These things can have a large impact on how a country defines itself. Mountains can separate a entire section of a country from the rest, thus leading them to having distinct cultures, industries and climate. You read "Forces in International Business" in category "Papers" It can even lead to boundaries such as deserts or forests that act as barriers between two separate regions. (Ball, Donald) These barriers cause different needs based on the area, even though they may simply be in the same country. Porters Diamond helps analyze businesses based on four aspects of a country’s economic environment. The four conditions the assessment is based off of are; factor conditions; related and supporting industries; demand conditions; and firm strategy, structure, and rivalry. Porters Diamond from assess the business with a high emphasis on the countries geographical attributes as a core part of its factors, and those with the most favorable diamonds are going to be the most successful. (Ball, Donald) ( Michael E. Porter) Natural Resources play a huge factor into the economic viability of a company, and owe and where a company can be successful. Google does well defining natural resources as â€Å"materials or substances such as minerals, forests, water, and fertile land that occur in nature and can be used for economic gain. † (Non-renewable Resource. † Wisped) In the book, International Business it puts a lot of emphasis on the statement that natural resources are anything that’s supplied by nature which people depend on. This book also relates that both energy and unfelt minerals play an important role to business. Energy is used daily without a though, but is a very valuable natural resource, if not the most valuable.. There are two major types of energy, renewable, and nonrenewable. A non renewable energy resource â€Å"is a resource that does not renew itself at a sufficient rate for sustainable economic extraction in meaningful human time-frames. â€Å"( â€Å"Renewable Energy. † Wisped) Some examples of nonrenewable energy resources are petroleum, coal, and natural gas. A renewable energy resource â€Å"generally defined as energy that comes from resources which are naturally replenished on a human timescale. † (8) Some examples of renewable energy resources sunlight, wind, rain, waves, and geothermal heat. Environmental Sustainability in business has three characteristics that are widely agreed upon; limits, interdependence, and equity. (Ball, Donald) The first of these three characteristics is limits. Limits is a basic term to serve as a reminder on the reality that environment resources are exhaustible, and that they can become toxic. The previous trend of global warming or global climate change is a great example of a limit, and how it’s being impacted. The second characteristic is interdependence. Interdependence is defined as the relationship between ecological, social, and economic systems. Ball, Donald). This book goes on to define that an effect in one these systems will affect the other two. The last characteristic is equity. Equity is essentially applying limits to interdependence. In order of Interdependence to work, there cannot be large differences in the distribution gains. This essentially means that it isn’t viable to go into an area and take extreme profi ts without eventual resistance. Samsung is a company that takes its social responsibility, environmental responsibility, and sustainability incredibly seriously. In 2013 Samsung released its 2 page sustainability report, regarding topics such as: â€Å"Creating Shared Value and Giving Back with Samsung Products, Social Responsibility: Making Contributions around the Globe, Echo Product, Water Management, and a 50 page green/echo product environmental report† (â€Å"Samsung – Global Harmony. † Www. Samsung. Com) Directly from Samsung engineering website, this is their vision, † Samsung Engineering seeks to improve conditions around the world through our social contribution programs. Company-wide, we utilize our strengths and resources to benefit local communities and help children and families in need. Individually, our employees are encouraged to take part in the many volunteer programs offered by the company. † Since 2006 Samsung has been trying to enhance their energy efficiency, and respectability in their production. They’ve even implemented a â€Å"Echo-Design Process† to evaluate the echo-friendless of each new product during the development stage. † . In 2012, the company set up comprehensive water conservation plans and expanded its efforts to reduce the consumption of water resources around the world. (â€Å"Samsung – Global Harmony. † Www. Samsung. Com) Samsung has not taken being a leader in lobar technology lightly, they’re fully applying a lot pressure to help with the sustainability of their resources, and other resources around the globe. Helping many charities and different organizations to try to h elp sustain our planet and keep their business profitable. Political and Trade Forces Political and trade forces are Just as important in any country as its culture and environment. This is because of the major impacts that governments can have on firms. A hospitable and stable government can encourage investment and growth despite geographic or weather barriers, or even the scarcity of natural resources. The exact opposite is true as well. A hostile or unstable government can completely kill of almost any possible investments in an area, regardless of the area’s natural resources of geography. Some of the major points in the political and trade forces are government stability, and trade restrictions. Government stability can have a huge impact on business. When government stability is defined, there are two different possible definitions. Government stability can be defined as the government’s ability to maintain itself and stay in power, or it can be defined as the permanence of the government’s policies. Ball, Donald) A business is able to be at its most prosperous when the government is able to keep both of these definitions intact. â€Å"Instability on the other hand is when a government cannot maintain itself in power or makes sudden, unpredictable, or radical policy changes. It is hard for business to flourish when government is unstable. † (Ball, Donald) Business can operate under almost any set of rules and restrictions, though some are much more difficult to operate under than others. The biggest issue is when government policies are constantly changing. The reason this is difficult is cause frequent changes cause business difficulties when complying to rules and regulations. This can cause business to have to change their business models or how they operate almost overnight. With changing policies it can potentially grind some firms too halt. Trade restrictions can be one of the biggest problems when operating an international firm. There are a lot of arguments for trade restrictions such as: national defense, sanctions to punish offending nations, protect infant industry, protect domestic Jobs from cheap foreign labor, scientific tariff or fair competition, retaliation, dumping and subsidies. Some of these have a much higher impact than others, but all of these are great arguments towards trade restriction. One of the best of these arguments stems from developing nations requesting barriers on imports of competing products. This allows the developing country to sustain itself and build up it’s on infrastructure while developing products that might be common place elsewhere. The argument is that a new industry needs time develop and gain experience before being forced to compete with worldwide competition. Another good argument is the national defense argument. This argument basically requests hat there are trade restrictions on certain industry imports, and that they’re vital for security, and must be kept operating even though they are not competitive with the foreign suppliers. Ball, Donald) The reason for these vital industries are so that during times of immediate war a country wouldn’t suffer from unnecessary problems because they’re not able to have the proper defense equipment. This could range from guns and tanks, to as simple as shoes. Having an insufficient supply of footwear at times of war can cause a lack of shoes for civilians and soldiers which can lead to unne cessary casualties. These trade restrictions arguments all raise their own valid points and each have their own benefits and negativisms. Ever since the introduction of Samsung smartness they have been in legal battles all over the world with Apple trying to make it legal for them to sell their phones, and not be infringing on copy right laws. Almost every country has had their own legal battle with Samsung and apple with new ones emerging every day. With Samsung being based on South Korea they were able to have a lot of political influence there. In the article , Korea Fair Trade Commission clears Samsung use of tankard-essential patents against Apple, it refers to how Samsung used its power in Korea to basically influence these decisions. With Samsung being a massive part of Koreans market they were able to get their essentials patents against Apple cleared allowing them to continue operation as usual. (â€Å"SAMSUNG ENGINEERING. † Samsung Engineering) Intellectual Property and Other Legal Forces The fourth of the international environmental forces is intellectual property and other legal forces. The best way to sum up this section is given by, International Business, saying â€Å"International business is affected by many thousands of laws and isolations issued by states, nations, and international organizations. The reason this is a really outstanding summary is because not only are international businesses subject to the laws of the countries they operate in, but also the states and even cities they are based in. The other few main points of this section include international legal forces, international dispute settlement, and intellectual property. International legal forces are governed by international l aws. International laws can be divided into two subcategories, public international law and private international law. Public international law can be defined as the relations between governments, including laws concerning diplomatic relations and all matters and obligations of those nations. (Ball, Donald) Private international law are the laws concerning the transactions of individuals and companies crossing international borders. (â€Å"Private International Law. † U. S. Department of State) International laws come from several different sources, but the main and most important of these are treaties between nations. Ball, Donald) A treaty is basically an agreement under international law, and can also be known as â€Å"an agreement, protocol, covenant, invention, pact, or exchange of letters, and all of these forms of agreements are, under international law, equally considered treaties and the rules are the same† (â€Å"Treaty. † Wisped) Some International organizations have been created to provide a forum to help create treaties between different countries. A few examples of these would the United Nations or the European Union. Handling international laws are great, but without being able to enforce them they lead nowhere, this is where international dispute settlement comes in. Litigation is the process conducted in order to determine and enforce legal rights, this is essentially the investigation process behind laws such as international treaties. This process can be incredibly complicated and expensive, and in addition to the trial itself the process can require a pretrial. A pretrial is essentially an pre investigation which requires all facts and relevant information to the litigation from both sides to come forth. Ball, Donald) The other part of international dispute settlement is arbitration. Arbitration is a process agreed to by both parties that instead of going to court, they will attend a neutral person or party the makes a binding decision. Legal Dictionary gives a great summary of arbitration, saying † Arbitration is a well- established and widely used means to end disputes. It is one of several kinds of Alternative Dispute Resolution, which provide parties to a controversy with a choice other than litigation. Unlike litigation, arbitration takes place out of court: the two sides select an impartial third party, known as an arbitrator; agree in advance to comply with the arbitrator’s award; and then participate in a hearing at which both sides can present evidence and testimony. The arbitrator’s decision is usually final, and courts rarely reexamine it. (10) Intellectual property encompasses many different exclusive manufacturing rights. These are patents, trademarks, trade names, copyrights, each which have their own separate meaning and purpose. A patent in the United States is defined as, â€Å"an intellectual property right granted by the Government of the United States of America to an inventor â€Å"to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling the invention throughout the United States or importing the invention into the United States† for a limited time in exchange for public disclosure of the invention when the patent is granted. (11) A trademark or trade name can be defined as, â€Å"A shape, a color, design, catchy phrase, abbreviation, or sound used by merchants or manufacturers to designate and differentiate their products. (Ball, Donald) A copy right is, â€Å"Exclusive legal rights of authors, composers, creators of software, playwrights, artists, and publishers to publish and dispose of their works† and are protected under the Berne Convention of 1886 which is adhered to by 164 countries. (Ball, Donald) Possibly one of the biggest legal battles regarding intellectual proper ty in history is a battle still being fought today. That battle is Apple Inc v. Samsung Electronics Co. These cases are strictly regarding the design of smartness and tablets. The spring of 2011 apple began litigation over several patent infringements by Samsung. (United States District Court) Eventually the litigation opened up to 19 different cases spanning across ten different countries. (Liableness, Chloe) A basic summary of this case is that apple patented the shape of its phone and the color design and layout of its SO right before the release of the first Phone in 2007. In 2011 Apple opened up some cases against Samsung referring to Samsung breaking patents, trademarks, ND the use of its style over multiple devices. (â€Å"Apple Inc. . Samsung Electronics Co. , Ltd. † Wisped. ) After a few months in dispute apple submitted evidence of side by side comparison between an phone and a specific galaxy model. This evidence turned out to be tampered with which lead to even further investigation. (Liableness, Chloe) Since the cases were opened, there have been multiple trials and appeals. This has lead to some countries fully banning Samsung products , and countries punishing Apple forcing them to essentially pay to Samsung for slandering their name. (â€Å"Apple Inc. V. Samsung Electronics Co. , Ltd. Wisped. ) International Monetary Arrangements and Terrorism International monetary system and terrorism have a large impact on how some international businesses are able to operate. One of the major factors in the international monetary system is Foreign Exchange. The reason why this is a large factory is because most corporations like to do business in their own currency, because then they don’t have to assume the risk that can come with currency exchange. (Ball, Donald). This is prevalent because it can cause major problems when converting to other currencies. Samsung being one of the world largest manufacturers and suppliers of electronics faces themselves working with many different currency on a daily basis. Being the largest Smartened supplier in the world they deal with a large amount of exchanges. This is because some of their phone parts are produced in different nations, and then sold in almost of every country around the world. Ethical Issue One of the probably the biggest ethical issues faced before Samsung is the entire child labor debacle in 2012. In 2012 Samsung was investigated for using illegal labor practices in their Chinese manufacturing facilities. The claims against Samsung were that in some cases were that employees were working 16 hour days, and also that some employees were under the legal working age of 16 years old. (windcheaters. Com) After the investigations were complete Samsung was found guilty of these practices, but that they were not the ones responsible for these practices. They were able to essentially cover their tracks in these cases and switch a majority of the blame. (Grandson, Odin) Samsung probably didn’t portray Christian values in this situation, as they were not respecting the laws in that country. This is finitely a large issue in the manufacturing process, as it is able to provide cheap labor for their company. Conclusion Samsung is an international company that is effected by the different international force of business on a daily basis. These forces determine everything from where and when to sell products, how to ship, where to manufacture a long with a multitude of other things. Samsung is also faced with ethical issues. Through the thick and thin Samsung has been able to use these forces to put themselves at the head of the pack becoming a leader in international electronic manufacturing. How to cite Forces in International Business, Papers

IS-Qantas Airlines -Case-Study-Free-Samples-Myassignmentshelp.com

Question: You are required to Create a Plan of action, working from the perspective of Olivia Wirth, the executive of Government and Corporate Affairs at Qantas Airlines. Answer: Introduction The digital evolution of social media is considered a double-edged weapon. Organizations find it a new chance for public communication with customers and at the same time they feel the fear of losing control over the flow of information disseminated to the public. The technological development resulted in new job tasks to employees to manage the organizational presence in the social media and provide prompt communication to consumers' activities towards the organization products or services. Organizations need to create communication strategies built on the organizational culture (Linke Zerfass, 2013). Management at Qantas Airlines failed to communicate to the customers that is why it needs a strategic information system to enable the management to take the right decision on a timely manner and to provide quality information at the right time to reduce the crisis effect. It is also important to decide which customers are the targeted customers in order to direct the right information to them in specific at the right time utilizing the social media channels (Zizka, 2017). Analytical information systems The strategic importance of information Qantas Airlines need to gather information from the external environment to be able to acknowledge the changes that affect its business and the consumer changing needs. In order to access information and make good decisions, the information system is needed to enable the management at Qantas to access the necessary information on timely manner. The advances in information technology (IT) assisted in designing and deploying information systems. When management within the organization starts to create relations between variables, and decide the organizational strategy, the implementation of the strategy will achieve the desired goals. Automating the framework at Qantas would facilitate its new strategy and its execution. There are five main variables represented in the support system of the organization, measurements of performance, monitoring system and the knowledge base. The organizational value chain is affected by the information system, also its relationship with its customers an d suppliers is affected in a positive way. Information systems enable the organization to positively focus on its strategic orientation, for example, cost reduction and innovation. Information systems utilize the analytical tools in solving complex problems by providing the right decisions based on the information gathered from the external environment (Kumar Sushil, 2015). Strategic information systems Organizations invest in developing strategic information systems to create competitive advantage. Although, building such system is costly, organizations seek to obtain them either by the internal development of the system or by outsourcing them. The acceptance of the end user to the system output is very important (Sooklal, Papadopoulos, Ojiako, 2011). The information system integrates various subsystems which function in a harmony to ensure the efficiency of the larger system. Qantas Airlines need to analyze the information required to overcome its latest social crisis on Twitter, through the analysis of the external environment and deciding the component of the information system that fulfills its objectives. As systems vary from organization to another, Qantas Airlines could have its own customized information system that fits its operations, priorities and size. The effectiveness of the information system also depends on the management of it to lead to better decision making process. The quality of the decision making is a function of the quality of the available information. Employee in control of the information system should be professional (Nowduri, 2011). As the size of business evolve and expand due to the increasing number of goods and services, the information needs also grow and change. The start-up phase of the information system usually produces basic reports, but as the business expands, the managers are in a deep need for more specified and complex reports that relates different variables to each other to assist them in taking the right decision. The information system should produce timely information as quick information about sales, climate change, the consumer needs to take the right action, for example, Qantas Airlines, did not notice the negative feedback on its competition on Twitter on the spot which led the mass negative campaign. The system should be capable to retrieve the required information at a glance, the information should be relevant to the selected subject and the development for the system requires ongoing training to system developers to ensure the system upgrade to the latest technology (Zare Reza, 2013) . Communication skills Types of communication Qantas Airlines need to develop both of the two types of its communication systems, the internal and the external. Its external communication with other governmental entities, customers and suppliers. There are many communication channels which could be face to face or distance communication. The internal communication with the employees takes place through the HR department (Communication Theory, 2017). The communication system within the organization contains information about social relationships as a result of human interaction. The informed systems approach is considered an internal communication which aims at learning through transferring knowledge in the workplace. The workplace is considered an interactive social system as people's experiences are shared. The organizational culture is shared among employees through organizational learning process. The organizational goals and priorities should be shared among employees and it should guide the employees' allocation within the organization (Somerville Mirijamdotter, 2014). Crisis information dissemination Qantas Airlines should have followed the argument of sharing information at a certain level of the disaster could prevent or minimize the negative consequences of it. Organizations may have information but they do not disseminate it or share it to the public. Also, effective knowledge management can control the process of crisis management. Meeting the public needs of information is considered a purpose of information communication (Jiuchang, Bing, Xiumei, Margaret, 2014). Information sharing Information sharing with the public is managed by governmental regulations. As some information is confidential and should be protected, the level of protection varies from country to another. Although the greater the level of information sharing with public the more knowledge is created and the more trust in the more trust is gained from the public in organizations (Grace, 2015). It is important to build a knowledge sharing across the organizations and across the society as well. Organizations need first to adjust their culture towards knowledge sharing to provide better consumer service and ensure efficiency of its business. IT could be utilized to facilitate information sharing as all types of information is gathered in one accessible database (Peel Rowley, 2010). Benefits of information sharing Information sharing is important in coordinating between the participants of the supply chain of take the right decisions concerning the products and services. Information sharing is also beneficial for the marketing activities as it increases the customer loyalty to the organization. The consumer will gain value and a strong relationship will be built by the organization. Qantas Airlines, could benefit of the idea of information sharing as it needs to gain the customer value after its Twitter problem (Tai, 2011). Social media The rapid emerge of the social media assists in information sharing. The influence of the social media is increasing, organizations need to know how to manage social media as a channel of communication. People are grouped in social media, according to their thoughts and interests, which make it easy for organizations to classify them (Fuduric Mandelli, 2014). Twitter, is ranked among the most important social media channels as it allows users to send instant messages. It is useful for promoting products and services and engaging people in a marketing campaign (Lee, Tyrrell, Erdem, 2013). Qantas Airlines chose Twitter to spread its campaign, but it has failed in managing the auto reply message and it missed the timely information regarding the negative feedback of its customers. Plan of action Strategic planning Strategic planning in the public sector is very important, as it guides the organization towards specific goals. It allows leaders in the organization to establish a vision and set performance measures. Strategic planning allows the organization to assess its internal and external environment and defines its weaknesses, strengths, opportunities and threats. Qantas Airlines, lacks the strategic planning that provides it with the required roadmap and enables it to define the threats to manage them and improve its performance. Implement an improved strategy is a critical process that requires labor division. Stakeholders also should be engaged in the strategic planning process concerning the development and implementation phases. Strategic information system planning The strategic planning of the organization should consider the strategic information system planning (SISP) to create clear objectives and align the IT strategy with the business strategy. SISP increases the utilization of resource allocation and enhances the organizational responsiveness to organizational changes. Accordingly, the efficiency of the e-government is enhanced and the effectiveness and efficiency of the processes and quickly response to the consumer's needs (Manoharan et al., 2015). It seems that Qantas Airlines lacks the strategic planning of SISP as it lacks the appropriate planning and the responsiveness capabilities to the customer needs and inquiries. Technology should be considered in the public strategic planning. It also needs to adopt technology in planning incremental stages to reflect the improvements of technical tools used in the implementation stage. Benefits of implementing strategy at Qantas Airlines Qantas Airlines, could adopt Brysons (2011) strategic planning process, as cited in Manoharan et al. (2015), as follows: Process development Mandate discussion Creating vision Values and mission examination Environmental scanning Strategic issues development Action strategy formulation Adoption of strategy Reassessment of the strategic planning process Adopting the right strategy is the key to success, as it can assist Qantas Airlines in choosing the social networking in an intelligent way. An important successful step is to provide 24 hour service of social media management to avoid the auto reply messages that may contradict the situation (Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 2013). Customer involvement The customer is involved when he can communicate, participate, interact, and collaborate with the organization in a particular activity. Low customer involvement reflects lack of information about customer needs who is supposed to consume the product or service. It is important to satisfy customer needs and not to introduce a product or service that has no demand as the sales rate will be low and the revenues will deteriorate as well. Customer involvement can happen in different phases of product development as it could happen in the design phase as well as the final stage (Tih et al., 2016). Regarding Qantas Airlines, it is preferred to involve customer from the early phase of service design to absorb the anger and enhance the company public image, as the development of the service will include the consumers' opinion. The company may find it more useful to formulate a variety of strategic actions to respond to different customer needs through flexibility. Recommendations Qantas Airlines needs to give special importance to the issue of knowledge transfer through its relationships. Also, the cross-boundary transfer of knowledge is important in order to gain knowledge from successful organizations and increase the organizational efficiency. Qantas Airlines could make a strategic alliance with another successful organization to transfer the know-how and overcome its losses and repair its fleet according to the latest technology applied worldwide. Also, Qantas Airlines could outsource information systems, as the vendor acts as a source of knowledge to the company, in order not to start from the beginning and benefit from the interaction with different expertise (Al?Salti Hackney, 2011). Qantas Airlines should realize the dynamic nature of information systems as it requires regular upgrades, according to the latest technology used. Flexibility of the information system is required to match the organizational expansions and to respond to the external environmental changes. Information systems as well as the social media channels need to be monitored and managed by professional employees to ensure the responsiveness, timely and accurate information in shared either within the organization or with the public. Also, information has to be tailored to benefit the management and the public. Qantas Airlines should define its strategic information system in the strategic planning phase to ensure that the objectives of the system fulfill the need for decisions to be taken and stakeholders need to be involved from the early stage of planning to ensure that the right strategy is adopted (Nowduri, 2011). Conclusion Qantas Airlines needs to analyze the information required to overcome its latest social crisis on Twitter, through the analysis of the external environment and deciding the component of the information system that fulfills its objectives. The company also needs to develop both of the two types of its communication systems, the internal and the external. Qantas Airlines should have followed the argument of sharing information at a certain level of the disaster could prevent or minimize the negative consequences of it as people are grouped in social media, according to their thoughts and interests, which makes it easy to organizations to classify them. Qantas Airlines, lacks the strategic planning that provides it with the required roadmap and enables it to define the threats to manage them and improve its performance. The company also lacks the responsiveness capabilities to the customer needs and inquiries. Technology should be considered in the strategic planning. It also needs to adopt technology in planning incremental stages to reflect the improvements of technical tools used in the implementation stage. It is preferred to involve customer from the early phase of service design to absorb the anger and enhance the company public image, as the development of the service will include the consumers' opinion. The company may find it more useful to formulate a variety of strategic actions to respond to different customer needs through flexibility. References Al?Salti, Z., Hackney, R. (2011). Factors impacting knowledge transfer success in information systems outsourcing. Journal of Enterprise Information Management, 24(5), 455-468. Communication Theory. (2017). Kinds (types) of communication employed by business organisations. Retrieved from https://communicationtheory.org/kinds-types-of-communication-employed-by-business-organisations/ Emerald Group Publishing Limited. (2013). Social networking gets serious: Social networking moves beyond timewasting to become a powerful business tool. Human Resource Management International Digest, 21(3), pp. 6-8. Fuduric, M., Mandelli, A. (2014). Communicating social media policies: evaluation of current practices. Journal of Communication Management, 18(2), pp. 158-175. Grace, J. (2015). Better information sharing, or share or be damned?". The Journal of Adult Protection, 17(5), 308-320. Jiuchang, W., Bing, B., Xiumei, G., Margaret, G. (2014). The process of crisis information dissemination: impacts of the strength of ties in social networks. Kybernetes, 43(2), 178-191. Kumar, A., Sushil, A. (2015). Modeling organizational and information systems for effective strategy execution. Journal of Enterprise Information Management, 28(4), 556-578. Lee, W., Tyrrell, T., Erdem, M. (2013). Exploring the behavioral aspects of adopting technology: Meeting planners' use of social network media and the impact of perceived critical mass. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Technology, 4(1), pp. 6-22. Linke, A., Zerfass, A. (2013). Social media governance: regulatory frameworks for successful online communications. Journal of Communication Management, 17(3), pp. 270-286. Manoharan, A., Melitski, J., Bromberg, D. (2015). State strategic information system plans: An assessment integrating strategy and operations through performance measurement. International Journal of Public Sector Management, 28(3), 240-253. Nowduri, S. (2011). Management information systems and business decision making: review, analysis, and recommendations. Journal of Management and Marketing Research. Peel, M., Rowley, J. (2010). Information sharing practice in multi?agency working. Aslib Proceedings, 62(1), 11-28. Somerville, M., Mirijamdotter, A. (2014). Information experiences in the workplace: Foundations for an informed systems approach. In Information experience: Approaches to theory and practice. Sooklal, R., Papadopoulos, T., Ojiako, U. (2011). Information systems development: a normalisation process theory perspective. Industrial Management Data Systems, 111(8), 1270-1286. Tai, Y. (2011). Perceived value for customers in information sharing services. Industrial Management Data Systems, 111(4), 551-569. Tih, S., Wong, K., Lynn, G., Reilly, R. (2016). Prototyping, customer involvement, and speed of information dissemination in new product success. Journal of Business Industrial Marketing, 31(4), 437-448. Zare, M., Reza, H. (2013). Management information systems and business. International Journal of Information Science and System, 2(1), 1-8. Zizka, L. (2017). The (MIS)use of social media to communicate CSR in hospitality: Increasing stakeholders (dis)engagement through social media. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Technology, 8(1), pp. 73-86

Mental Health for Psychonomic Bulletin & Review - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theMental Health for Psychonomic Bulletin Review. Answer: Introduction It has been observed from the literature review that theorists have shied away from research into creativity. Despite many blocks to study there are various models of creativity do exist. Creativity occurs in the care sector, but there are many challenges when many diverse settings are included. There are potential benefits of creativity to both carer and service user. The aim of the assignment is as a student of creative skills is to critically compare models, contributory theories, and different application settings of creativity. Further the assignment discusses the problems of definition in creativity and the potential benefits of creativity at physical, intellectual, emotional and social levels. Critical comparison of models, contributory theories and different application settings of creativity In mental health services the care users poses many challenges. In such circumstances, incubation is the best way to take a break from the creative problem solving. As per the Wallas model, a period of incubation is necessary. It helps in creative problem solving. It helps the care providers to forget the misleading clues of the care user. On the other hand lack of incubation or rest period may lead to fixing on the inappropriate strategies for solving the problem (Ritter and Dijksterhuis 2014). This model contradicts the earlier hypothesis put forward by the Csikszentmihalyi's five phase model of the creative process. As per this model the creative solution to the problem arises when unconscious mind takes over the conscious mind without the later trying to make logical order out of the problem. As the conscious mind is occupied in some tasks, the unconscious mind can mysteriously allow the unique connections to be made (Csikszentmihalyi 2014). As per the Geneplore model, creativity takes place in two phases. In the generative phase the individual constructs preinventive structures which are the mental representations. The other phase called the exploratory phase; these structures are used to generate creative ideas (Runco 2014). It aligns with the view of Ptervri et al. (2016) which emphasise that people develop new ideas by using their imagination. These ideas are structured in the predictable ways with the help of the pre-existing concepts and categories. However, it is contradictory with the view of Gl?veanu and Tanggaard (2014), which emphasise that creativity yields extraordinary results using the ordinary cognitive processes. The theory of convergent and divergent thinking is also applicable for the care users and the care givers. When the practioner is solving the care users problems, he/she may aim for the single correct solution. This pattern is called convergent thinking. In the psychology literature the synonym of creativity is also called divergent thinking. In this pattern of thinking a problem can be solved in multiple ways and is referred as fluid intelligence that may be similar to creativity (Bekker 2016). This theory may be partly similar to the creative cognition approach explained by the Geneplore model as it is based on imagination. It may be similar because divergent thinking also partly involves imagination (Au et al. 2015). However it differs from the Honing theory of creativity. As per the Honing theory by psychologistLiane Gabora, is the process of honing and re-honing the integrated worldview (Gabora 2016). The world view brings about the internal cognitive restructuring. An individua l may have a worldview that may be uniquely structured and may be reflected in the personal style. This theory differs from all the above theories or models. In the above theories the focus is mainly on the generation of the outcome or the solution to problem in the practice setting. On the contrary the, honing theory lays greater emphasis on effect of the creative process on the creators worldview (Runco 2014). In the health care sector, the practioners can implement the theories of creativity. Using creativity for creative therapy, patient care can be enhanced. Instead of using same routine or different approach can be taken for the patients who are aggressive or unwilling to follow the care regime. The general physicians in health care can relook at the patients disease. The physician can re-imagine and feel what it means to be having a disease. Perspective of other areas can also be used in the medicine. With the help of above mentioned theories, the artificial barriers of the medicine can be broken (Gourevitch 2014). In any service the customer engagement is necessary for successful outcome of many services. Particularly in the mental health setting the, psychologist may involve the creative practices. Along with the problem solving, customer effort is also essential. There might be situations where the customers act reluctant and sick. In such cases the psychologists may use different theories of creativity to determine how the clients creativity works in such a context. Creativity can also be applied in various other settings of mental health such as rehabilitation centres, for challenging behaviours of schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders (Runco 2014). In regards to care users say in metal health setting, creativity has been investigated in relation to schizotypy. The traits include cognitive disorganisation, unusual experiences, or impulsive non-conformity. Creativity is also associated with some facets of psychopathology. Some of the mental processes may be similar between the psychotic and creative thinking . According to Runco (2014) people with positive personality traits such as broad interests, openness and self confidence are also creative. This can be applied in the care sector particularly in the mental health setting where the care givers can us these positive traits of the care user to design the care plan. It can be useful for the mental health care providers to understand the disorganisation of thought in the patients or the impaired cognitive control. It is because the people with the psychosis-proneness often shows this traits and is known to be associated with the creative cognition/divergent thinking(Bekker 2016). There are other application settings of creativity. The personal learning can be optimised by customising a learning environment. In the e-learning process, creativity has become a popular trend. Creativity has helped develop personalised learning system that increases learning effects and the learners motivation (Lin et al. 2013). Discussion of the problems of definition in creativity It is difficult to define creativity as not all people with creative skills are alike. Originality and functionality are the two parts of definition of creativity. According to some psychologists creativity is not possible unless a person comes up with something new that was not present before. It means that the idea has to be functional and adaptive in some way and only then it can be considered useful. There is also a third criterion for approving the intellectual property rights for ideas and products. Since 20th century the definitions of creativity has been questioned several times and have been expanded in different ways (Kaufman 2016). In terms of personality-creativity connection, there is say a distinction to be made between the"little-c" creativity and "big-C" creativity. According to Runco (2014), little-c" creativity indicates the mental health as it involves solving the daily life problem and adapting to changes. On the other hand, the "big-C" creativity is rare as it helps people solve the problem based on what other live their lives. As per the psychology studies, artists with mental illnesses create arts that are very expressionistic and more realistic. Not all intelligent people develop creative skills and one needs a perspective to see things differently. A person with minimum IQ needs an additional factor to be truly creative; however, this additional factor is not specifically defined. Thus, the problem of definition in creativity remains (Kharkhurin 2014). Potential benefits of creativity at a physical, intellectual, emotional and social level At both individual and societal level, creativity is important. Creativity helps solve daily life problem. Hence it is helpful at the individual level. Creativity helps to enable new scientific findings and inventions at societal levels, as well as organisation levels. Research into creativity can be called as interdisciplinary field. The same is reflected in the preset body of literature. The research involves clinical, behavioural, economical, cognitive, educational, organisational, personality and social perspective. Creativity is considered beneficial because it helps generate something that is novel and useful in a given situation (Zhou and Hoever 2014). There is a bulk of literature available to explain the impact of creativity on health. Creativity increases the ability to heal oneself. In the health care many patients are subjected to the art and music therapy. The literature evidence showed positive effect of the visual arts such as painting, drawing, photography, textiles and pottery in patients with struggling with cancer and health debilitating illnesses. Thus, creativity is beneficial at physical and emotional level (Gl?veanu and Tanggaard 2014). According to Repar and Reid (2014) thoughts of illnesses can be distracted by the art filled occupational voids. It helps in decreasing the negative outcomes which improves the well-being. Depression is reduced as creativity improves the medical outcomes. Creative activities reduce stress and anxiety, which in turn increases the positive outcomes. It helps to reduce the distress and negative emotions. As per Repar and Reid (2014), creativity helps in the improvement of expression of grief, flow and spontaneity, positive identity and social networks. It means that creativity is beneficial for the emotional and social levels. If a customer has the problem solving capability than it can be applied to solve the consumption related problems. From a traditional perspective the role of producers and customers are different. There has been a re-conceptualisation of the service users role, which resulted from the shift to a value-in-use perspective. Using this new approach the classic approach to production and consumption becomes insufficient. It depends on customers that how they own their services after the providers have made the value propositions (Barbuto et al. 2016). The service used by the customers is determined by the interactions, activities and the perspectives of the product hold by them. In this process, creativity offers various benefits. For instance, the concept of self design or self-production was a unique form of involving the customers. In the mental health setting the patients are allowed to give consent on their choice of treatment (Kaufman 2016). According to Gl?veanu and Tanggaard (2014 ), creative identities are regarded as representational projects, which emerge during the interaction between the creator and different audiences and notions of creativity informed by societal discourses. The creative identities can be promoted, problematic or denied for both self and others. Holding the particular creative identity influences the engagement of the creator with his or her own work. Not only in the health care setting but also in personal life there are multiple benefits of creativity. As per many studies on creativity and its association with intelligence it was found that highly intelligent people were also creative. For instance, highly intelligent people like Beethoven, Einstein, were highly imaginative which is more important than knowledge. Creativity helps to become more imaginative. As per the Maslows hierarchy of needs creativity is at highest level. Creativity helps to think in terms of bigger picture by which our needs for knowledge can be fulfilled and we can attain the level of self-actualisations (Repar and Reid 2014). At an intellectual level creativity contributes to internal security in terms of or in face of death. For instance the Nobel Prize winner Bob Dylan was motivated with the goal of enduring legacy and the idea of leaving. Similar others believed that using the creativity and imagination is the affirmation of life (Barbuto et al. 2016). Conclusion The assignment critically compared the models, contributory theories, and different application settings of creativity. Further the assignment discussed the problems of definition in creativity and the potential benefits of creativity at physical, intellectual, emotional and social levels. As there are challenges to definition in creativity, there may be reason for the theorists to shied away from research into creativity. Creativity occurs in the care sector, but there are many challenges when many diverse settings are included. There are potential benefits of creativity to both carer and service user. Using the different models and theories one can design effective care plan for the service users in the care sector. References Au, J., Sheehan, E., Tsai, N., Duncan, G.J., Buschkuehl, M. and Jaeggi, S.M., 2015. Improving fluid intelligence with training on working memory: a meta-analysis.Psychonomic bulletin review,22(2), pp.366-377. Barbuto Jr, J.E., Bugenhagen, M.J., Stohs, J.M. and Matkin, G.S., 2016. Encouraging creativity and intellectual stimulation: An exercise that forces students to think outside the box.Journal of Behavioral and Applied Management,4(3). Bekker, E., 2016.The role of divergent thinking and convergent thinking in the relation between intelligence and literacy ability(Master's thesis). Csikszentmihalyi, M., 2014. Society, culture, and person: A systems view of creativity. InThe Systems Model of Creativity(pp. 47-61). Springer Netherlands. Gabora, L., 2016. Honing theory: A complex systems framework for creativity.arXiv preprint arXiv:1610.02484. Gl?veanu, V.P. and Tanggaard, L., 2014. Creativity, identity, and representation: Towards a socio-cultural theory of creative identity.New Ideas in Psychology,34, pp.12-21. Gourevitch, M.N., 2014. Population health and the academic medical center: the time is right.Academic Medicine,89(4), p.544. Kaufman, J.C., 2016.Creativity 101. Springer Publishing Company. Kharkhurin, A.V., 2014. Creativity. 4in1: Four-criterion construct of creativity.Creativity Research Journal,26(3), pp.338-352. Lin, C.F., Yeh, Y.C., Hung, Y.H. and Chang, R.I., 2013. Data mining for providing a personalized learning path in creativity: An application of decision trees.Computers Education,68, pp.199-210. Ptervri, J., Osman, M. and Bhattacharya, J., 2016. The role of intuition in the generation and evaluation stages of creativity.Frontiers in psychology,7. Repar, P.A. and Reid, S., 2014. Creatively caring: effects of arts-based encounters on hospice caregivers in South Africa.Journal of pain and symptom management,47(5), pp.946-954. Ritter, S.M. and Dijksterhuis, A., 2014. Creativitythe unconscious foundations of the incubation period.Frontiers in human neuroscience,8. Runco, M.A., 2014. Big C, little c creativity as a false dichotomy: Reality is not categorical.Creativity Research Journal,26(1), pp.131-132. Runco, M.A., 2014.Creativity: Theories and themes: Research, development, and practice. Elsevier. Zhou, J. and Hoever, I.J., 2014. Research on workplace creativity: A review and redirection.Annu. Rev. Organ. Psychol. Organ. Behav.,1(1), pp.333-359.

WAR And PEACE And How It Effected The World Essay Example For Students

WAR And PEACE And How It Effected The World Essay If your computer starts up in the 24 bit version of the game with fuzzylooking graphics, try re-selecting the screen mode from the F11 menu. Thisshould cure this problem. High colour GTA uses a built-in version of the univbe display driver toprovide its multitude of 15, 16 and 32-bit display modes. If your video cardis not recognised by the univbe check, or if you change your video card andthe check does not update to it, try running uvconfig.exe in the gtadosdirectory. If that doesnt work, try running 24-bit GTA by typinggta24 -nounivbe in the gtados directory. This will cause it to skip univbeand use your video cards native drivers instead. Alternatively, get hold ofthe latest version of univbe from SciTech Software, and run it as a TSR beforerunning GTA. We will write a custom essay on WAR And PEACE And How It Effected The World specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Windows Drivers ( Grand Theft Auto DirectX )GTA DirectX will only work correctly if you have the latest Windows 95 DirectX Microsoft-certified driver for your video card. Your video card vendorshould be able to supply this. Some of the latest versions of drivers will allow the use ofHigh colour / Low resolution screen modes (recommended). An example of thisis the Matrox Millenium. Gravis UltrasoundThe DOS version of GTA, run under Windows 95, will not play anysound effects with an Ultrasound, UNLESS you shut down windows into MS-DOSmode, or change the PIF from DOS-Box to MS-DOS mode. DOS Version CD Sound-To allow CD audio to play on the DOS version of GTA, when run under abootable version of DOS, make sure that you have the MSCDEX driver loaded. On a Windows 95 machine, if you play the DOS version through Windows, orin a DOS box, you should get CD audio. Sidewinder Control Pad In DOS GTAThe Microsoft Sidewinder pad is not compatible with DOS GTA. However, itcan be used with Windows (DirectX) GTA. Voodoo Graphics (3Dfx) Users-GTA supports 3Dfx Glide 2.42 and higher. Voodoo Graphics users must havethis updated version of Glide installed on their system. To install theupdated Glide runtime driver kit, run the grtvgr.exe file in the 3Dfxfolder of the GTA CD. Note that we recommend 32MB of RAM to run 3DFX GTA. EMM386 (DOS)In DOS 6.22, If you have the line DEVICE=C:DOSEMM386.EXE in your CONFIG.SYS,play GTA, quit then press Ctrl-Alt-Del to reset the machine, you may findthat the keyboard does not respond any more. Book Reports

“This Can Never Happen Again”- and Again, and Again- Professor Ramos Blog

â€Å"This Can Never Happen Again†- and Again, and Again- Within twenty-four hours there have been two major mass shootings; one in Dayton, Ohio and the other in El Paso, Texas. â€Å"In this country, we have a gun violence epidemic, but we also have a hate epidemic,† said by Texas Representative Veronica Escobar in response to these incidents (Robinson). In some regards she is correct- the problem doesn’t solely lie with mental health, but also access. This is only many in the two-hundred, and fifty-one mass shootings since the 2019 year has started, and two-thousand, one-hundred, and sixty-two since Sandy Hook according to Vox (Lopez). With a lot of controversy, the United States Constitutions’ second Amendment has been a topic of heated discussions. Some believe putting limits on such ‘Freedoms’ will take a fundamental value from the American spirit. But, when does this ‘American value’ take from the safety of the masses? Shouldn’t a change to gun policies and regulations limit access to minors and mentally ill, to reduce these massacres and gun violence. One of the many arguments against gun control, are the proposed age regulations to the age of twenty-one, yet second Amendment activists, like the Federalist, claim, â€Å"if an eighteen year old is not responsible enough to purchase guns, than they’re not responsible enough to vote, join the military, or drive a car† (Cleckner). To say the least, this article has little credible evidence to support those claims, but in addition this line of thinking if applied to alcohol, cigarettes, or marijuana- any age regulation would cease to make logical sense. The fact remains, access creates abundance, including access to guns. Aside from this, another claim Cleckner, the Federalist, make is that criminals don’t abide by laws, and although this may be true, it is not the point. Criminals are not the cause of mass shootings. Taking into consideration that there is â€Å"no official standard for the casualty threshold that distinguishes a mass shooting from other violent crimes involving a firearm,† regardless most studies show that gun ownership increases firearm related death and suicide rates (Smart). On the Mother Jones database, a stricter database, estimated out of their one-hundred, and fifteen reported mass shootings seventy-two percent of the guns used, were obtained legally. This directly contradicts the claim that ‘gun laws won’t stop’ mass shootings (Aronsen, Pan, and Follman). Another study involving cross sectional time series concluded that â€Å"a ten unit increase in state gun law permissiveness was associated with[a] higher rate of mass shootings† (Br anas). Simply put, states with lax gun laws and higher ownership have more gun violence and mass shootings. Journalist Joel Mathis believes â€Å"the second Amendment of the US Constitution is a failure because the right to bear arms†¦ is supposed to protect Americans†¦ [but] instead it endangers them.† What’s even more, is that the US has less than five percent of the world’s population, yet it also has â€Å"forty-six percent of the worlds civil-owned guns† (Masters). With this over population in gun ownership is it any wonder that the United States firearm death rate is ten times higher than that of other high-income countries (Hemenway and Grinshteyn). In addition, US National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health released evidence emphasizes that â€Å"states without strict firearm laws have higher firearm related injuries, mortality rates,† and suicides (Faisal et al.). Ironically, Mathis also states that gun owners are â€Å"more likely to kill themselves†¦ [than] kill an intruder,† and that pro-gun activists fight for a â€Å"murky pre-constitutional right to self-defense†. Given this evidence, the question on what regulations can construct an impact on this epidemic with gun violence and mass shootings. One of President Trumps response to this, â€Å"in the old days we had mental institutions†¦ you could nab somebody like this,† referencing the deinstitutionalization of America (Perera Sisti). To some extent, this is true as the American Journal of Public Health states â€Å"nations with fewer psychiatric beds per person tended also to have fewer mass shootings.† The mental health in the United States is lacking, but the solution does not rest solely on psychiatric institutions but also relies on providing tools to integrate healthy social networks Shoving the mentally ill into a corner and closing the door isn’t going to solve this complicated issue. RAND Health Quarterly has moderate evidence that â€Å"prohibiting purchase or possession forms of mental illness reduce violent crime† (Morrall). Yet, â€Å"only a frac tion [of the states] require a permit, license, or registration for the purchase of firearms,† which creates access for these mass shooters, and violent crimes (Perera Sisti). For instance, the Gun Control Act â€Å"did not actually require federally licensed firearm dealers to do much to determine the purchaser’s eligibility,† in contrast, there should be an implemented system of background, mental and drug tests before purchase (Ludwig). In the article, â€Å"Reducing Gun Violence in America† published by the National Academy of Science of the United States concludes that implementing waiting periods for this process â€Å"reduces gun homicide by about seventeen percent† (Ludwig). While this will reduce gun related deaths, the greater issue lies in the increased use of assault weapons in mass shootings- which increases the number of injuries and fatalities. Semi-automatic assault weapons are a class of firearms designed for war, they â€Å"are specifically designed to kill humans quickly and efficiently† (Giffords). Common sense begs the question why it is still legal in most states for civilian owned semi-automatic assault weapons, when they, by definition, are classified as military firearms. Japan has the least gun homicide rate in the world, but also have the strictest gun laws. In Japan, â€Å"the only guns permitted are shotguns, air guns, guns with specific research or industrial purposes, or those used for competitions† (Masters). But not only are there limitations on types of firearms but they also â€Å"must obtain formal instruction and pass a battery of written, mental, and drug tests and a rigorous background check† while providing details on storage and use (Masters). To simplify, there is a problem in America that needs to be fixed and ignoring the issue will not solve it. With so many studies concluding the same answer, now it will only take our elected senators and representatives to come us with clear concise regulations to limit gun violence and mass shootings. Without sacrificing our second Amendment, we can impose safer laws while enjoying our American values. Abdalla, Zayed. â€Å"List of Mass Shootings Since Columbine Massacre.† The Villanovan. Abdalla, Zayd 20 Feb. 2019, villanovan.com/opinion/list-of-mass-shootings-since-columbine-massacre/article_be837bb6-16ae-11e8-b9dc-bfbfd95854b5.html, Accessed 5 Aug. 2019. Aronsen, Gavin, Follman, Mark and Pan, Deanna. â€Å"US Mass Shootings, 1982-2019: Data From Mother Jones’ Investigation.† Mother Jones. Aronsen, Gavin et al. 4 Aug. 2019, https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2012/12/mass-shootings-mother-jones-full-data/, Accessed 5 Aug. 2019. Branas, Charles, et al. â€Å"State Gun Laws, Gun Ownership, and Mass Shootings in the US: Cross Sectional Time Series.† BMJ. Reeping, Paul et al. 6 Mar. 2019, https://www.bmj.com/content/364/bmj.l542 , Accessed 5 Aug. 2019. Cleckner, Ryan. â€Å"10 Common Arguments for Gun Control, Debunked.† The Federalist. 21 Mar. 2018, https://thefederalist.com/2018/03/21/10-common-arguments-gun-control-debunked/, Accessed 5 Aug. 2019. Faisal, Jehan et al. â€Å"The Burden of Firearm Violence in the United States: Stricter Laws Result in Safer States.† US National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health 10 Jan. 2018, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5801608/, Accessed 4 Aug. 2019. Hemenway, David and Grinshteyn, Erin. â€Å"Violent Death Rates in the US Compared to Those of the Other High-income Countries, 2015.† Elsevier Inc. 25 Feb. 2019, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/26551975/, Accessed 5 Aug. 2019. Lopez, German and Sukumar, Kavya. â€Å"Mass Shootings Sandy Hook.† Vox. Ventura, Elbert 5 Aug. 2019, https://www.vox.com/a/mass-shootings-america-sandy-hook-gun-violence, Accessed 5 Aug. 2019. Ludwig, Jens. â€Å"Reducing Gun Violence in America.† PNAS. Proceeding of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 14 Nov. 2017, 114 (46) 12097 12099, https://www.pnas.org/content/114/46/12097, Accessed 6 Aug. 2019. Masters, Jonathan. â€Å"US Gun Policy: Global Comparisons.† Council on Foreign Relations 14 Nov. 2017, https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/us-gun-policy-global-comparisons, Accessed 5 Aug. 2019. Mathis, Joel. â€Å"The Second Amendment Has Failed America.† The Week. The Week Publications Inc. 4 Aug. 2019, https://theweek.com/articles/856890/second-amendment-failed-america Accessed 5 Aug. 2019. Morrall, Andrew. â€Å"The Science of Gun Policy: A Critical Synthesis of Research Evidence on the Effects of Gun Policies in the United States.† US National Library of Medicine National Institutes. RAND Health Quarterly 2 Aug. 2018, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6075800/, Accessed 5 Aug. 2019. Perera, Isabel PhD and Sisti, Dominic PhD. â€Å"Mass Shootings and Psychiatric Deinstitutionalization, Here and Abroad.† US National Library of Medicine National Institutes. American Journal of Public Health June 2019, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6595510/, Accessed 5 Aug 2019. Robinson, Adia. â€Å"2-month-old Survived El Paso Shooting After Mom Used Body as Shield, Texas Rep. Says.† ABC News 4 Aug. 2019, https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/gun-violence-epidemic-hate-epidemic-country-rep-veronica/story?id=64744297, Accessed 4 Aug. 2019. Smart, Rosanna. â€Å"Mass Shootings: Definitions and Trends.† RAND Corporation 2 Mar. 2019, https://www.rand.org/research/gun-policy/analysis/essays/mass-shootings.html, Accessed 5 Aug. 2019.

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